{"id":304,"date":"2025-10-13T10:02:07","date_gmt":"2025-10-13T10:02:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/baddu.xyz\/?p=304"},"modified":"2025-10-13T10:02:07","modified_gmt":"2025-10-13T10:02:07","slug":"%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8b-osi-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%a1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/baddu.xyz\/en_us\/%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8b-osi-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%a1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0941\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0915\u094b OSI \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"osi-model-article\" style=\"max-width: 800px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 20px; font-family: 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; color: #333;\">\n<div class=\"article-header\" style=\"background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%); padding: 30px; border-radius: 10px; color: white; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 30px;\">\n<h1 style=\"margin: 0; font-size: 2.2em; font-weight: 600;\">\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0941\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0915\u094b OSI \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?<\/h1>\n<p style=\"margin: 10px 0 0 0; font-size: 1.1em; opacity: 0.9;\">OSI 7-\u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932\u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"content-section\" style=\"background: white; padding: 25px; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #2c3e50; border-left: 4px solid #667eea; padding-left: 15px; margin-top: 0;\">OSI \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932\u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/h2>\n<p>OSI \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932 \u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0947 Open Systems Interconnection \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u0941\u0928 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0941\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0919\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0948\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092f\u0938\u0932\u093e\u0908 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) \u0932\u0947 \u0967\u096f\u096e\u096a \u092e\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0917\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094b \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964 \u092f\u094b \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0938\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u096d \u0924\u0939\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092e\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #e7f3ff; padding: 15px; border-radius: 6px; margin: 15px 0; border-left: 4px solid #2196f3;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0;\"><strong>\u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923:<\/strong> OSI \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932 \u092d\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094b \u0921\u093e\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u091c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0948 \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u0928\u0947, \u0932\u093f\u092b\u093e\u092b\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0939\u093e\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0947, \u0920\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u0928\u0947, \u091f\u093f\u0915\u091f \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0947, \u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0915\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0920\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0939\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"content-section\" style=\"background: white; padding: 25px; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #2c3e50; border-left: 4px solid #667eea; padding-left: 15px;\">OSI \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932\u0915\u094b \u096d \u0924\u0939\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/h2>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\">\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 30px; border-radius: 10px; border: 2px solid #667eea; width: 100%;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #667eea; margin-bottom: 20px;\">OSI 7-\u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932<\/div>\n<p><!-- Application Layer --><\/p>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 20px; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 10px; background: #e74c3c; color: white; padding: 15px; border-radius: 5px;\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: bold; width: 30px;\">\u096d<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; text-align: left;\"><strong>\u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0938\u0928 \u0924\u0939 (Application Layer)<\/strong><br \/>\n<small>\u092f\u0942\u091c\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 \u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Presentation Layer --><\/p>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 20px; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 10px; background: #e67e22; color: white; padding: 15px; border-radius: 5px;\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: bold; width: 30px;\">\u096c<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; text-align: left;\"><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0938\u0928 \u0924\u0939 (Presentation Layer)<\/strong><br \/>\n<small>\u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u092b\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091f\u093f\u0919 \u0930 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938\u0928<\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Session Layer --><\/p>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 20px; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 10px; background: #f39c12; color: white; padding: 15px; border-radius: 5px;\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: bold; width: 30px;\">\u096b<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0928 \u0924\u0939 (Session Layer)<\/strong><br \/>\n<small>\u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0928\u094d\u0927\u0928<\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Transport Layer --><\/p>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 20px; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 10px; background: #2ecc71; color: white; padding: 15px; border-radius: 5px;\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: bold; width: 30px;\">\u096a<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; text-align: left;\"><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0924\u0939 (Transport Layer)<\/strong><br \/>\n<small>\u090f\u0928\u094d\u0921-\u091f\u0941-\u090f\u0928\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928<\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Network Layer --><\/p>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 20px; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 10px; background: #3498db; color: white; padding: 15px; border-radius: 5px;\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: bold; width: 30px;\">\u0969<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0939 (Network Layer)<\/strong><br \/>\n<small>\u0932\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0919 \u0930 \u0930\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0919<\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Data Link Layer --><\/p>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 20px; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 10px; background: #9b59b6; color: white; padding: 15px; border-radius: 5px;\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: bold; width: 30px;\">\u0968<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0919\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0939 (Data Link Layer)<\/strong><br \/>\n<small>\u092b\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0919<\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Physical Layer --><\/p>\n<div style=\"display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 20px; width: 100%; background: #34495e; color: white; padding: 15px; border-radius: 5px;\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: bold; width: 30px;\">\u0967<\/div>\n<div style=\"flex: 1; text-align: left;\"><strong>\u092b\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0924\u0939 (Physical Layer)<\/strong><br \/>\n<small>\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932<\/small><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"content-section\" style=\"background: white; padding: 25px; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #2c3e50; border-left: 4px solid #667eea; padding-left: 15px;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0924\u0939\u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/h2>\n<div style=\"display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; margin-top: 20px;\"><!-- Layer 7 --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #e74c3c; color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px;\">\n<h3 style=\"margin-top: 0;\">\u096d. \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0938\u0928 \u0924\u0939<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u092f\u0942\u091c\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0947<\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding-left: 20px; margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n<li>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b<\/li>\n<li>\u092f\u0942\u091c\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938<\/li>\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0932: HTTP, FTP, SMTP<\/li>\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u0930, \u0907\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Layer 6 --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #e67e22; color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px;\">\n<h3 style=\"margin-top: 0;\">\u096c. \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0938\u0928 \u0924\u0939<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding-left: 20px; margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n<li>\u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938\u0928\/\u0921\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938\u0928<\/li>\n<li>\u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u0928<\/li>\n<li>\u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u092b\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091f\u093f\u0919<\/li>\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0932: SSL, TLS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Layer 5 --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #f39c12; color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px;\">\n<h3 style=\"margin-top: 0;\">\u096b. \u0938\u0947\u0938\u0928 \u0924\u0939<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0938\u0947\u0938\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0928\u094d\u0927\u0928<\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding-left: 20px; margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n<li>\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0928\u094d\u0927\u0928, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/li>\n<li>\u0921\u093e\u092f\u0932\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932<\/li>\n<li>\u0938\u093f\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091c\u0947\u0938\u0928<\/li>\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0932: NetBIOS, RPC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Layer 4 --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #2ecc71; color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px;\">\n<h3 style=\"margin-top: 0;\">\u096a. \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0924\u0939<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0921-\u091f\u0941-\u090f\u0928\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928<\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding-left: 20px; margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n<li>\u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0938\u092b\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/li>\n<li>\u092b\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932<\/li>\n<li>\u090f\u0930\u0930 \u0915\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932<\/li>\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0932: TCP, UDP<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Layer 3 --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #3498db; color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px;\">\n<h3 style=\"margin-top: 0;\">\u0969. \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0939<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0932\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0919<\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding-left: 20px; margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n<li>\u0932\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0919 (IP)<\/li>\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0930\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0919<\/li>\n<li>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0928\u094d\u091c\u0947\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0928\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932<\/li>\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0932: IP, ICMP, IPSec<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Layer 2 --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #9b59b6; color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px;\">\n<h3 style=\"margin-top: 0;\">\u0968. \u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0919\u094d\u0915 \u0924\u0939<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u092b\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0919<\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding-left: 20px; margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n<li>\u092b\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0919 (MAC)<\/li>\n<li>\u090f\u0930\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928<\/li>\n<li>\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0919<\/li>\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0932: Ethernet, PPP<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><!-- Layer 1 --><\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #34495e; color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px;\">\n<h3 style=\"margin-top: 0;\">\u0967. \u092b\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0924\u0939<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f:<\/strong> \u0939\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928<\/p>\n<ul style=\"padding-left: 20px; margin: 10px 0 0 0;\">\n<li>\u092c\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0938\u0928<\/li>\n<li>\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c, \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932, \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/li>\n<li>\u0938\u093f\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0932 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092a \u0930 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e\u093f\u0919<\/li>\n<li>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: RJ45, \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0913\u092a\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"content-section\" style=\"background: white; padding: 25px; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #2c3e50; border-left: 4px solid #667eea; padding-left: 15px;\">\u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/h2>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; margin: 20px 0;\">\n<div style=\"display: inline-block; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 25px; border-radius: 10px; border: 2px solid #667eea; width: 100%;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; color: #667eea; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0938\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0938\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; margin: 15px 0;\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"background: #e74c3c; color: white; padding: 10px; border-radius: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px;\">Data<\/div>\n<div>\u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0938\u0928<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 1.5em;\">\u2193<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"background: #e67e22; color: white; padding: 10px; border-radius: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px;\">Data<\/div>\n<div>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0938\u0928<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 1.5em;\">\u2193<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"background: #f39c12; color: white; padding: 10px; border-radius: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px;\">Data<\/div>\n<div>\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0928<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 1.5em;\">\u2193<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"background: #2ecc71; color: white; padding: 10px; border-radius: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px;\">Segments<\/div>\n<div>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; margin: 15px 0;\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"background: #3498db; color: white; padding: 10px; border-radius: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px;\">Packets<\/div>\n<div>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 1.5em;\">\u2193<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"background: #9b59b6; color: white; padding: 10px; border-radius: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px;\">Frames<\/div>\n<div>\u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0919\u094d\u0915<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 1.5em;\">\u2193<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"background: #34495e; color: white; padding: 10px; border-radius: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px;\">Bits<\/div>\n<div>\u092b\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 1.5em;\">\u2192<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"background: #667eea; color: white; padding: 10px; border-radius: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px;\">\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/div>\n<div>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0938\u092e\u093f\u0938\u0928<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-size: 0.9em; color: #666; margin-top: 15px;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0924\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u092b\u094d\u0928\u094b \u0939\u0947\u0921\u0930 \u0925\u092a\u094d\u091b \u0930 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0924\u0939\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0920\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964 \u0917\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092e\u093e \u092f\u0938\u0948 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094b \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"content-section\" style=\"background: white; padding: 25px; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #2c3e50; border-left: 4px solid #667eea; padding-left: 15px;\">OSI \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932\u0915\u094b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/h2>\n<div style=\"display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(250px, 1fr)); gap: 15px; margin-top: 20px;\">\n<div style=\"background: #d4edda; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 2.5em; margin-bottom: 10px;\">\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/div>\n<h4 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #155724;\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: 0.9em;\">\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0948\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b\u0928\u094d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #cce7ff; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 2.5em; margin-bottom: 10px;\">\ud83d\udd27<\/div>\n<h4 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #004085;\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: 0.9em;\">\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0924\u0939\u092e\u093e \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0917\u0930\u0947\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #fff3cd; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 2.5em; margin-bottom: 10px;\">\ud83d\udcda<\/div>\n<h4 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #856404;\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: 0.9em;\">\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0919 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0938\u091c\u093f\u0932\u0948\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u092c\u0941\u091d\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #f8d7da; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px; text-align: center;\">\n<div style=\"font-size: 2.5em; margin-bottom: 10px;\">\ud83d\udd04<\/div>\n<h4 style=\"margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #721c24;\">\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093e\u092a\u0930\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940<\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin: 0; font-size: 0.9em;\">\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u094b \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u091b<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"content-section\" style=\"background: white; padding: 25px; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #2c3e50; border-left: 4px solid #667eea; padding-left: 15px;\">OSI vs TCP\/IP \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932<\/h2>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 20px 0;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea, #764ba2); color: white;\">\n<th style=\"padding: 15px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">OSI \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 15px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">TCP\/IP \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932<\/th>\n<th style=\"padding: 15px; text-align: left; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0932\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #f8f9fa;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">\u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0938\u0928 (\u096d)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">\u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0938\u0928<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">HTTP, FTP, SMTP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0938\u0928 (\u096c)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">\u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0938\u0928<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">SSL, TLS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f8f9fa;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0928 (\u096b)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">\u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0938\u0928<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">NetBIOS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f (\u096a)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">TCP, UDP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f8f9fa;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 (\u0969)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">IP, ICMP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">\u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0919\u094d\u0915 (\u0968)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">Ethernet, Wi-Fi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f8f9fa;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">\u092b\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 (\u0967)<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0947\u0938<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">RJ45, \u092b\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"content-section\" style=\"background: white; padding: 25px; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #2c3e50; border-left: 4px solid #667eea; padding-left: 15px;\">\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/h2>\n<div style=\"display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); gap: 20px; margin-top: 20px;\">\n<div style=\"background: #e8f5e8; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px;\">\n<h4 style=\"color: #2e7d32; margin-top: 0;\">\ud83c\udf10 \u0935\u0947\u092c \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u093f\u0919<\/h4>\n<ul style=\"padding-left: 20px; margin: 0;\">\n<li><strong>\u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0938\u0928:<\/strong> \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909\u091c\u0930\u0932\u0947 URL \u092e\u093e\u0917\u094d\u091b<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0938\u0928:<\/strong> HTML \u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0928:<\/strong> HTTP \u0938\u0947\u0938\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0928\u094d\u0927\u0928<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f:<\/strong> TCP \u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915:<\/strong> IP \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0919<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0919\u094d\u0915:<\/strong> Ethernet \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092b\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932:<\/strong> \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092b\u0924 \u092c\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0938<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"background: #e3f2fd; padding: 20px; border-radius: 8px;\">\n<h4 style=\"color: #1565c0; margin-top: 0;\">\ud83d\udce7 \u0907\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0920\u093e\u0909\u0901\u0926\u093e<\/h4>\n<ul style=\"padding-left: 20px; margin: 0;\">\n<li><strong>\u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0938\u0928:<\/strong> \u0907\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0938\u0928:<\/strong> \u0907\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u090f\u0928\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938\u0928<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0928:<\/strong> SMTP \u0938\u0947\u0938\u0928<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0938\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f:<\/strong> TCP \u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f 25<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915:<\/strong> IP \u0930\u0942\u091f\u093f\u0919<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093e\u091f\u093e \u0932\u093f\u0919\u094d\u0915:<\/strong> MAC \u090f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092b\u093f\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932:<\/strong> \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u0947\u092c\u0932<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"content-section\" style=\"background: white; padding: 25px; border-radius: 8px; box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: #2c3e50; border-left: 4px solid #667eea; padding-left: 15px;\">\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/h2>\n<p>OSI \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0919\u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u0938\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0941\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0919\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u096d \u0924\u0939\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092e\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u0947\u0930 \u092c\u0941\u091d\u094d\u0928 \u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u091c\u093f\u0932\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0915\u094b \u091b\u0964 \u092f\u094b \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0932\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928, \u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928\u092e\u093e \u0920\u0942\u0932\u094b \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u090f\u0915\u094b \u091b\u0964<\/p>\n<div style=\"background: #e7f3ff; padding: 20px; border-radius: 6px; margin-top: 20px; border-left: 4px solid #2196f3;\">\n<h4 style=\"margin-top: 0; color: #1976d2;\">\u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940:<\/h4>\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u093f \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0928\u0947\u091f\u0932\u0947 TCP\/IP \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b, OSI \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0919 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0930 \u092c\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u0905\u091d\u0948 \u092a\u0928\u093f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091b\u0964 OSI \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932\u0915\u094b \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930, \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u090f\u0921\u092e\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930, \u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0928\u094d\u0927\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928 \u092e\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0924 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center; padding: 20px; background: #2c3e50; color: white; border-radius: 8px; margin-top: 30px;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0;\">\u00a9 \u0968\u0966\u0968\u096b \u092e\u094b\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939 | \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 5px 0 0 0; font-size: 0.9em; opacity: 0.8;\">\u092f\u0938 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0941\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0915\u094b OSI \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b? OSI 7-\u0932\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932\u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 OSI \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932\u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f OSI \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932 \u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0932\u0947 Open Systems Interconnection \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u0941\u0928 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0941\u091f\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0919\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0948\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0922\u093e\u0901\u091a\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964 \u092f\u0938\u0932\u093e\u0908 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) \u0932\u0947 \u0967\u096f\u096e\u096a \u092e\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0917\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094b \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964 \u092f\u094b \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u091f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0938\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u096d \u0924\u0939\u0939\u0930\u0942\u092e\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: OSI \u092e\u094b\u0921\u0947\u0932 \u092d\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":305,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-304","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fundamental-of-computer"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/baddu.xyz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Original-size-Basic-System-Configuration-In-CentosLinux-8-5-3.jpg?fit=1200%2C628&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pgQbKU-4U","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/baddu.xyz\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/304","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/baddu.xyz\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/baddu.xyz\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baddu.xyz\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baddu.xyz\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=304"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/baddu.xyz\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/304\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":306,"href":"https:\/\/baddu.xyz\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/304\/revisions\/306"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baddu.xyz\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/305"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/baddu.xyz\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=304"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baddu.xyz\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=304"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baddu.xyz\/en_us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=304"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}